Watch a BBC's Newsnight interview with Dr. Dror on fingerprint identification reliability and error, or see PBS 'Frontline' TV (USA) "Can Unconscious Bias Undermine Fingerprint Analysis?" 

A paper in Science, 2018, summarizes many of the implicit cognitive bias issues in forensic science. There are eight sources of bias that may cognitively contaminate sampling, observations, testing strategies, analysis and conclusions, even by experts  --See figure. They are organized in a taxonomy within three categories: sources relating to the specific case and analysis (Category A), sources that relate to the specific person doing the analysis (Category B), and sources that relate to human nature (Category C) -see Dror, 2020. ​ There are also common fallacies about bias.


See a general paper on 'forensic labs explore blind testing to prevent errors - evidence examiners get practical about fighting cognitive bias' that appeared in Science, or 'ignorance is bliss' that appeared in The Economist, or 'the fine print' that appeared in Nature, a brief to the Houses of Parliament, or a summary of the research on cognitive bias in forensic decisions. 

Through Cognitive Consultants International (CCI-HQ) we have provided training (including online training) and consultancy to forensic examiners on how to deal with and minimize confirmation and other cognitive biases (e.g., to police forces and national forensic institutes in the Netherlands, Finland, Taiwan, Canada, Brazil, China, and Australia, as well as to many police forces in the US and the UK, such as the London Metropolitan Police, Greater Manchester Police, NYPD, SFPD, LAPD & LASD, Boston PD, and the FBI). We have also provided expert reports and testimony on these issues to courts in a number of countries (working for the prosecution and for the defence), and to legislators (e.g., MD Senate hearings on Bill 404 regarding Criminal Law –Death Penalty– Evidence), as well as training judges (e.g., the Senior Judiciary in England, all Superior Court Judges in the State of Massachusetts). We provided consultancy to the UK Passport and Identity Services on reducing fraud detection through facial recognition. Dr Itiel Dror is an Associate Editor and on the Board of Editors of a number of scientific journals, such as Science & Justice, Forensic Science Policy & Management, Pragmatics & Cognition, and the Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. His research has been cited throughout the National Academy of Sciences report on Forensic Science (2009), the Fingerprint Enquiry Report, and in dozens of court cases (e.g., by the Supreme Court of Maryland, in the case of Kobina Ebo Abruquah Vs. State Of Maryland, 2022; Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, in the case of Commonwealth vs. Gambora, 2010; by the Court of Appeal in the UK, in the cases of R v Dlugosz, Pickering, and MDS, 2013).

Dr. Itiel Dror has received the 2014 ABP (Association for Business Psychology) Annual Award for 'Excellence in Training' for his work in improving decision making and reducing bias in forensic science, and was the Chair of the OSAC Forensic Human Factors Committee of the US Department of Justice (DoJ) & National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Dr Dror is also a member of the AAAS (The American Association for the Advancement of Science) Advisory Committee on Forensic Science Assessment (a project in which the AAAS will conduct an analysis of the underlying scientific bases for the forensic tools and methods currently used in the criminal justice system).

Forensic Identification 

 

We are a group of researchers investigating human performance, cognitive biases, and human factors in forensic identification and their  solutions (e.g., Linear Sequential Unmasking - Expanded  (LSU-E)) --See the editorial in Science, and the sources of bias, about many of the implicit cognitive biases in forensic science, which apply even to  the more objective forensic domains, as well as to forensic pathology. 


Science magazine published a feature detailing some our research: "The Bias Hunter: Itiel Dror is determined to reveal the role of bias in forensics, even if it sparks outrage"  (13 May 2022, pp. 686-690).


This applied area of cognitive forensics bring together a number of domains in human information processing in which we specialize within cognitive psychology. These domains include pattern recognition, mental representations, decision making, expertise, visual cognition, and knowledge acquisition. These areas all converge together in the applied domains of biometrics and the criminal justice system. Other areas of interest to us which are vital for biometric and forensic applications are the use and integration of technology and selection & training of examiners; including issues of confirmation & other cognitive biases, and optimizing decision making. We have taken our expertise in these areas and our understanding of human performance & cognition and have applied them to real world issues (not only in forensic science, but in many other expert domains, such as medicine, frontline policing, and US Air Force pilots).

(click here or on image for further details)

For a paper that focuses on the use of technology, see 'The use of technology in human expert domains: Challenges and risks arising from the use of automated fingerprint identification systems in forensics', that appeared in the journal Law, Probability and Risk.
 
Recently much has been happening on both sides of the Atlantic in taking on the issue of cognitive factors in forensic work.  In the UK, the Government Chief Scientific Adviser Annual Report includes a Chapter about Cognitive and Human Factors, the UK Forensic Regulator issued guidance on Cognitive Bias, and the UK Houses of Parliament brief on Forensic Investigations.  In the US, the National Commission on Forensic Science has voted to adopt a document on 'Ensuring That Forensic Analysis is Based Upon Task-Relevant Information'. 


A 'debate' with forensic pathologists about bias, see the Editor's Preface with links to 22 Letters. 

We have developed a variety of practical solutions, such as Linear Sequential Unmasking - Expanded (LSU-E) to deal with biases in forensic science work. For more technical articles, see  'Linear Sequential Unmasking–Expanded (LSU-E): A General Approach for Improving Decision Making as well as Minimizing Noise and Bias' or 'Meta-Analytically Quantifying the Reliability and Biasability of Forensic Experts' that appeared in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, and 'Cognitive Issues in Fingerprint Analysis: Inter-and Intra-expert Consistency and the Effect of a Target Comparison' that appeared in the journal Forensic Science International. 

More publications and presentations on these issues:

  • Dror, I. E. (2023). The most consistent finding in forensic science is inconsistency,  Journal of Forensic Sciences, 68 (6), 1851–1855. doi: 10.1111.1556-4029.15369 
  • Starr, D. (2022). The Bias Hunter: Itiel Dror is determined to reveal the role of bias in forensics, even if it sparks outrage. Science magazine, 13 May 2022 (pp. 686-690). doi: 10.1126/science.adc9480  
  • ​Dror,  I.  E. (2020). Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias. Analytical Chemistry, 92 (12), 7998–8004. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00704  (Selected as “ACS Editors’ Choice” --over 75,000 views).  
  • Dror, I. E., Melinek, J., Arden, J. L. Kukucka, J., Hawkins, S., Carter, J. & Atherton, D. S. (2021). 'Debate' about bias in forensic pathology decisions: 11 Responses to 11 Letters-to-the-Editor about our paper. See the Editor's Preface, with links to all 22 Letters. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66 (5), 1751-1757.    
  • ​Dror, I. E. & Kukucka, J. (2021). Linear Sequential Unmasking–Expanded (LSU-E): A General Approach for Improving Decision Making as well as Minimizing Noise and Bias. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 3, 100161. 
  • ​Dror, I. E, Wolf, D. A., Phillips, G., Gao, S., Yang, Y. & Drake S. A. (in press).  Contextual information in medicolegal death investigation decision-making:  Manner of death determination for cases of a single gunshot wound. Forensic Science International: Synergy. 
  • Quigley-McBride, A., Dror, I.E., Roy, T., Garrett, B.L., & Kukucka, J. (2022). A practical tool for information management in forensic decisions: Using Linear Sequential Unmasking-Expanded (LSU-E) in casework. Forensic Science International: Synergy,  4, 100216. doi: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100216   
  • ​Dror, I. E., Melinek, J., Arden, J. L. Kukucka, J., Hawkins, S., Carter, J. & Atherton, D. S. (2021). Cognitive Bias in Forensic Pathology Decisions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66 (5), 1751-1757.  doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14697 (JFS most viewed article).
  • Dror,  I.  E. (2020). The Error in ‘Error Rate’: Why error rates are so needed, yet so elusive. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65 (4), 1034-1039. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14435 
  • Dror, I. E., & Pierce, M. L. (2020). ISO Standards Addressing Issues of Bias and Impartiality in Forensic Work. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65 (3), 800-808. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14265 
  • Dror, I. E. (2018). Biases in Forensic Experts. Science, 360 (6386), 243. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat8443 
  • Dror, I.E. (2016). A Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP). Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5 (2), 121-127.  doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.03.001 
  • Almazrouei M.A., Dror, I.E., and Morgan R. (2019). The forensic disclosure model: What should be disclosed to, and by, forensic experts? International Journal of  Law, Crime and Justice, 59. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.05.003 
  • ​​Dror, I. E. & Scurich, N. (2020). (Mis)use of scientific measurements in forensic science. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 2, 333-338. doi: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.08.006 
  • ​Hamnett, H. & Dror, I. E. (2020). The effect of contextual information on decision-making in forensic toxicology. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 2, 339-348. doi: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.06.003 
  • ​Hartley, S., Winburn, A.P., and Dror, I.E. (2022). Metric Forensic Anthropology Decisions: Reliability And Biasability Of Sectioning-Point-Based Sex Estimates. Journal of Forensic Sciences,  67 (1), 68-79. 
  • Dror, I. E., Kukucka, J., Kassin, S, & Zapf, P. (2018). No one is immune to contextual bias—Not even forensic pathologists. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7 (2), 316-317.  
  • Dror, I.E. & Langenburg, G. (2019). "Cannot Decide": The fine line between appropriate inconclusive determinations VS. unjustifiably deciding not to decide. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 64 (1), 10-15. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13854 (Selected by JFS Associate Editors and Editor-in-Chief as a 2019 Noteworthy Article).  
  • Dror, I. E., & Morgan, R. M. (2020). A futuristic vision of forensic science. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65 (1), 8-10.  doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14240  
  • Sunde, N., & Dror, I. E. (2019). Cognitive and Human Factors in Digital Forensics: Problems, Challenges, and the Way Forward. Digital Investigation, 29, 101-108. doi: 10.1016/j.diin.2019.03.011 
  • ​Almazrouei M.A., Morgan R. & Dror, I. E. (2021). Stress and support in the workplace: The perspective of forensic examiners.  Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 2, 100059. 
  • ​Lidén, M., Thiblin, I., and Dror, I. E. (in press). The Role of alternative hypotheses in reducing bias in forensic medical experts’ decision making. Science and Justice. 
  • Dror, I. E., Thompson, W.C., Meissner, C.A, Kornfield, I., Krane, D., Saks, M., & Risinger, M. (2015).  Context management toolbox: A Linear Sequential Unmasking (LSU) approach for minimizingccognitive bias in forensic decision making. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 60 (4), 1111-1112. 
  • ​​Dror, I. E., Kukucka, J., Kassin, S, & Zapf, P. (2018). When expert decision making goes wrong: Consensus, bias, the role of experts and accuracy. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7 (1), 162-163.  
  • ​Jeanguenat, A.M., Bruce Budowle, B. & Dror, I.E. (2017). Strengthening Forensic DNA Decision Making Through a Better Understanding of the Influence of Cognitive Bias. Science and Justice, 57 (6), 415-420. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.07.005  
  • Kukucka, J., Dror, I. E., Yu, M., Hall, L. & Morgan, R.M. (2020). The impact of evidence lineups on fingerprint expert decisions. Applied Cognitive Psychology. doi: 10.1002/acp.3703 ​ 
  • Dror, I. E. (2014). Practical Solutions to Cognitive and Human Factor Challenges in Forensic Science. Forensic Science Policy & Management, 4, 105-113. 
  • ​Dror, I. E. (2017). Human expert performance in forensic decision making: Seven Different Sources of Bias.. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (5), 541-547. doi: 10.1080/00450618.2017.1281348  
  • ​Jeanguenat, A.M. & Dror, I.E. (2018). Human factors effecting forensic decision making: Workplace stress and wellbeing. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63 (1), 258–261. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13533  
  • ​Nakhaeizadeh, S., Morgan, R., Rando, C. & Dror, I. E. (2018). Cascading bias of initial exposure to information at the crime scene to the subsequent evaluation of skeletal remains. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63 (2), 403-411. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13569 (Selected by JFS Associate Editors and Editor-in-Chief as a 2018 Noteworthy Article). 
  • ​Gardner, B.O., Kelley, S., Murrie, M., & Dror, I. E. (2019). What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision Making? Science and Justice, 59 (5), 516-523. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.04.005 
  • Chiam, S., Dror, I. E., Huber, C, & Higgins, D. (in press). The biasing impact of irrelevant contextual information on forensic odontology radiograph matching decisions. Forensic Science International. 
  • ​​Sunde, N. & Dror, I. E. (2021). A Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP) applied to digital forensics: Reliability and biasability in digital forensics decision making. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 37, 301175. 
  • ​Scurich, N.  & Dror, I. E. (2020). Continued confusion about inconclusives and error rates: Reply to Weller and Morris. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 2, 703-704. 
  • MacLean, C. & Dror, I.E. (2016). Psychology and cognitive bias. In A. Kesselheim & C. Robertson (Eds.), Blinding as a Solution to Bias (ch 1, pp 13-24). Elsevier.
  • Mattijssen, E., Kerkhoff, W., Berger, C., Dror, I., and Stoel, R.  (2016). Implementing context management in forensic casework: Minimizing contextual bias in firearms examination. Science and Justice, 56 (2), 113-122. 
  • Nakhaeizadeh, S., Dror, I. E. &  Morgan, R. (2014). Cognitive bias in forensic anthropology: Visual assessments of skeletal remains is susceptible to confirmation bias. Science & Justice, 54 (3), 208–214. 
  • ​Murrie, D.C., Gardner, B.O., SKelley, S., & Dror, I.E. (in press). Perceptions and estimates of error rates in forensic science. Forensic Science International. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109887 
  • ​Almazrouei M.A., Dror, I. E. & Morgan R. (2020). Organizational and human factors affecting forensic decision-making: Workplace stress and feedback. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 65 (6), 1968-1977.
  • Dror, I. E. (2013). The ambition to be scientific: Human expert performance and objectivity. Science and Justice, 53 (2), 81-82. 
  • Dror, I. E., Kassin, S. M., & Kukucka, J. (2013). New application of psychology to law: Improving forensic evidence and expert witness contributions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2 (1), 78-81.
  • Kassin, S. M., Dror, I. E., & Kukucka, J. (2013). The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2 (1), 42-52. 
  • Dror, I. E. & Murrie, D. (2018). A Hierarchy of Expert Performance (HEP) applied to forensic psychological assessments. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 24 (1), 11-23. doi: 10.1037/law0000140 
  • Dror, I. E. (2015). Cognitive neuroscience in forensic science: Understanding and utilising the human element. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 370 (1674): 20140255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0255. 
  • Dror, I. E., McCormack, B. M., & Epstein, J. (2015). Cognitive bias and its impact on expert witnesses and the court. The Judges' Journal, 54(4), 8-15.   
  • Fraser-Mackenzie, P., Dror, I. E., & Wertheim, K. (2013). Cognitive and contextual influences in determination of latent fingerprint suitability for identification judgments. Science & Justice, 53 (2), 144-153..
  • Dror, I. E. & Stoel, R.  (2014).  Cognitive forensics: human cognition, contextual information and bias. In the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 353-363). Springer. 
  • ​Almazrouei M.A., Dror, I. E. & Morgan R. (2020). Organizational and human factors affecting forensic decision-making: Workplace stress and feedback. Journal of Forensic Sciences, . 
  • Dror, I. E. (2012). Combating bias: The next step in fighting cognitive and psychological contamination. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57 (1), 276-277.
  • Dror, I. E. & Hampikian, G. (2011). Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation. Science & Justice, 51 (4), 204-208.
  • Dror, I. E. (2013). What is (or will be) happening to the cognitive abilities of forensic experts in the new technological age. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 58 (2), 563. 
  • ​Scherr, K. & Dror, I. E. (2020). Ingroup biases of forensic experts: Perceptions of wrongful convictions versus exonerations. Psychology, Crime and Law. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2020.1774591 
  • Dror, I. E. (2012). Cognitive forensics and experimental research about bias in forensic casework. Science and Justice, 52 (2), 128-130. 
  • Dror, I. E., Wertheim, K., Fraser-Mackenzie, P., and Walajtys, J. (2012). The impact of human-technology cooperation and distributed cognition in forensic science: Biasing effects of AFIS contextual information on human experts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57 (2), 343-352.
  • Dror, I. E., Champod, C., Langenburg, G., Charlton, D., Hunt, H., & Rosenthal R. (2011). Cognitive issues in fingerprint analysis: Inter-and intra-expert consistency and the effect of a 'target' comparison. Forensic Science International, 208, 10-17. 
  • Dror, I.E. (2016).  Cognitive and Human Factors (pp. 40-49). In M. Walport (Ed.) Forensic science and beyond: authenticity, provenance and assurance - evidence and case studies. UK Government Office for Science.  
  • ​​Kukucka, J., Kassin, S., Zapf, P., & Dror, I. E. (2017). Cognitive Bias and Blindness: A Global Survey of Forensic Science Examiners. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6 (4), 452-459. doi:  10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.001 
  • Edmond, G.,  Tangen, J.,  Searston, R. & Dror, I. E. (2015). Contextual bias and cross-contamination in the forensic sciences:  The corrosive implications for investigations, plea bargains, trials and appeals. Law, Probability, and Risk, 14 (1), 1-25.  
  • Sung, M., Johnson, J.E. & Dror, I. E. (2009). Complexity as a guide to understanding decision bias: A contribution to the favorite-longshot bias debate. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22 (3), 318-337.
  • ​Morgan, R. M., Earwaker, H., Nakhaeizadeh, S., Harris, A. J. L., Rando, C., & Dror, I. E. (in press). Interpretation of forensic evidence at every step of the forensic science process: decision-making under uncertainty. In R. Wortley, A. Sidebottom & G. Laycock (Eds.), The Handbook of Crime Science. Routledge. 
  • ​Kukucka, J. & Dror, I. E. (in press). Human factors in forensic science: psychological causes of bias and error.  In D. DeMatteo & K. Scherr (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law. Oxford University Press. 
  • Dror, I.E. (2012). Plenary resentation on "Cognitive Forensics, Expertise, the Biasing Snowball Effect, and Context Management in Forensic Investigations" at the 6th Annual European Academy of Forensic Science Conference, 20 Augugst 2012. 
  • Kellman, P.J, Mnookin, J.L., Erlikhman, G., Garrigan, P.,  Ghose, T., Mettler, E., Charlton, D., and Dror, I. E. (2014). Forensic Comparison and Matching of Fingerprints: Using Quantitative Image Measures for Estimating Error Rates through Understanding and Predicting Difficulty. PLoS ONE 9(5), e94617.  
  • Stoel, R.D., Berger, C.E.H., Kerkhoff, W., Mattijssen, E.J.A.T. & Dror, I.E. (in press). Minimizing contextual bias in forensic casework. In M. Hickman and K. Strom (Eds.), Forensic Science and the Administration of Justice. SAGE Publishing.  
  • Dror, I. E. (2009). How can Francis Bacon help forensic science? The four idols of human biases. Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science, and Technology, 50, 93-110. 
  • Stoel, R.D., Dror, I. E., and Miller, L. S. (2014). Bias among forensic document examiners: Still a need for procedural changes. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46 (1), 91-97 . 
  • ​Morgan, R.M., Nakhaeizadeh, S., Rando, C., and Dror, I. E. (2018). Research into contextual influences and forensic decision making: A Response. Journal of Forensic Science, 63 (5), 1598-1600. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13836 
  •  Busey, T. & Dror, I.E. (2011). Special Abilities and Vulnerabilities in Forensic Expertise. In The Fingerprint Sourcebook, (ch. 15, pp. 1-23). Washington DC: NIJ Press. 
  • Dror, I. E. & Cole, S. (2010). The vision in 'blind' justice: Expert perception, judgment and visual cognition in forensic pattern recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(2), 161-167. 
  • ​Dror, I. E, Scherr, S., Mohammed L., MacLean, C, & Cunningham, L. (in press). Biasability and Reliability of Expert Forensic Document Examiners. Forensic Science International. 
  • ​Dror, I. E. (2023). Racial bias in forensic decision making. Humans, 3, 319-320. 
  • Dror, I. E. (2012). Invited presentation on "Expert Evidence: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" at the After Court Seminar program for High Court Judges, Deputy High Court Judges, Judges of the Court of Appeal, and Justices of the Supreme Court. 
  • Dror, I. E. & Mnookin, J. (2010). The use of technology in human expert domains: Challenges and risks arising from the use of automated fingerprint identification systems in forensics. Law, Probability and Risk, 9 (1), 47-67.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2006). Cognitive science serving security: Assuring useable and efficient biometric and technological solutions. Aviation Security International, 12 (3), 21-28.
  • Dror, I. D. (2009). On proper research and understanding of the interplay between bias and decision outcomes. Forensic Science International, 191, 17-18. 
  • Dror, I. E. (2012). Cognitive bias in forensic science. 2012 Science & Technology Yearbook, pp. 43-45. McGraw-Hil.
  • Dror, I. E. (2012). Expectations, contextual information, and other cognitive influences in forensic laboratories. Science and Justice, 52 (2), 132. 
  • Dror, I.E. & Charlton, D. (2006). Why experts make errors. Journal of Forensic Identification, 56 (4), 600-616.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2006). The psychology of police performance and decision making. Police Professional, 58, 37-39.
  • Fraser-Mackenzie, P. & Dror, I. E. (2009). Selective information sampling: Cognitive coherence in evaluation of a novel item. Judgment and Decision Making, 4 (4), 307-316. 
  • ​Growns, B., Towler, A., Dunn, J.D. Salerno, J.M., Schweitzer, N.J., &  Dror, I. E. (2022). Statistical-feature training improves fingerprint-matching accuracy in novices and professional fingerprint examiners. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. 
  • ​Zapf, P. A., & Dror, I. E. (2017). Understanding and mitigating bias in forensic evaluation: Lessons from forensic science. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 16 (3), 227-238.  doi: 10.1080/14999013.2017.1317302 
  • Mnookin, J., Cole, S., Dror, I. E., Fisher, B., Houck, M., Inman, K.,. Kaye, D., Koehler, J., Langenburg, G. Risinger, M. Rudin, N. Siegel, J., and  Stoney, D. (2011). The need for a research culture in the forensic sciences. UCLA Law Review, 58 (3), 725-779. 
  • Dror, I. E., Busemeyer, J.R., & Basola, B. (1999). Decision making under time pressure: An independent test of sequential sampling models. Memory and Cognition, 27 (4), 713-725.
  • Charlton, D., Fraser-Mackenzie, P., and Dror, I. E. (2010). Emotional experiences and motivating factors associated with fingerprint analysis. Journal of Forensics Sciences, 55 (2), 385-393.
  • Dror, I. E. (2011). The paradox of human expertise: Why experts get it wrong. In N. Kapur (Ed.) The Paradoxical Brain (pp. 177-188). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 
  • ​Zapf, P., Kukucka, J., Kassin, S., & Dror, I. E. (2018). Cognitive bias in forensic mental health assessment: Evaluator beliefs about its nature and scope. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 24 (1), 1-10. doi: 10.1037/law0000153  
  • ​MacLean, C., Smith, L., & Dror, I. E. (2020). Experts on Trial: Unearthing Bias in Scientific Evidence. UBC Law Review (University Of British Columbia), 53 (1), 101-139. 
  • Dror, I.E. (2009). The role of cognition in expert performance. Forensic Science in the 21st Century Conference. Arizona, USA.
  • Dror, I.E. & Fraser-Mackenzie, P. (2008). Cognitive biases in human perception, judgment, and decision making: Bridging theory and the real world. In K. Rossmo (Ed.) Criminal Investigative Failures (pp 53-67). Taylor & Francis Publishing.
  • Dror, I. E. & Bucht, R. (2011). Psychological perspectives on problems with forensic science evidence. In B. Cutler (Ed.), Conviction of the Innocent:  Lessons from Psychological Research. American Psychological Association Press. 
  • Nakhaeizadeh, S., Morgan, R., and Dror, I. E. (2014). The effect of cognitive bias in forensic anthropology: The power of context in the interpretation of skeletal remains. 22nd ANZFSS International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences.  Adelaide, Australia. 
  • Dror, I.E. (2008). Forensics in the courtroom: An objective tool or a subjective prop?   Psychology and the Law: Emerging Trends Symposium. Psychonomic. Chicago, USA.
  • Stoel, R.D., Berger, C.E.H., Kerkhoff, W., & Dror, I.E. (2012). Context management: Minimising the influence of domain-irrelevant information on forensic judgment and interpretation. 6th Annual European Academy of Forensic Science Conference. The Hague, the Netherlands.
  • Nakhaeizadeh, S., Dror, I., and Morgan, R. (2015). The emergence of cognitive bias in forensic science and criminal investigations. British Journal of American Legal Studies, 4, 527-554. 
  • ​Chin, J.M, Lutsky, M., & Dror I.E. (2019). The biases of experts: An empirical analysis of expert witness challenges. Manitoba Law Journal, 42 (4), 21-67.  
  • Jeanguenat, A.M., Bruce Budowle, B. & Dror, I.E. (2018). Practical Ways to Address Cognitive Bias in Forensic DNA Decision Making. The AAFS (American Academy of Forensic Sciences) 70th Annual Scientific Meeting. Seattle.  
  • Dror, I.E (2008) The role of perception: secure and deterrent in airports and airplanes. International Air Transport Association Annual Meeting. Seoul, South Korea.
  • Stibel, J. M., Dror, I. E., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2009). Dissociating Choice and Judgment in Decision Making:  The Collapsing Choice Theory. Theory and Decision, 66 (2), 149-179.
  •  Dror, I.E.  (2008). Confirmation bias. Annual Conference of NIJ (National Institute of Justice). Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Bucht, R., & Dror, I.E. (2011). Cognitive Profiling: Defining and quantifying the cognitive underpinning of expertise in latent print examination. 19th World Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS). Madeira, Portugal.
  • Dror, I. E. (2008). Expert Decision Making: Confirmation, contextual & other cognitive biases. Society of Expert Witnesses Conference on Trust and be Trusted. Swindon, UK.
  • Dror, I. E. (2008). Biased brains. Police Review, 116, 20-23.
  • Dror, I. E. & Stevenage, S. (eds.) (2000).Facial Information Processing: A  multidisciplinary perspective. (276 pp.) John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
  • Dror, I. E. (2007). Perception of risk and the decision to use force. Policing, 1, 265-272.
  • Peron, A. E., Dror, I. E., & Bucks, R.  (2005). The number of choice alternatives in a decision making task: Cursed by, or spoilt for choice?  9th European Congress of Psychology. Granada, Spain. 
  • Nakhaeizadeh, S., Morgan, R., & Dror, I.E. (2014). Cognitive bias in forensic anthropology: Visual assessments of skeletal remains is susceptible to confirmation bias. The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) 66th Annual Meeting, Seattle.
  • Schmitz-Williams, I., Dror, I. E., & Durston, H.  (2005). Visual features affect mental representations and transformations: curvature and closure bias toward piecemeal or holistic processing in mental imagery.  9th European Congress of Psychology. Granada, Spain.
  • Charlton, D., Peron, A.E., & Dror, I. E., (2004). The interplay of perceptual and cognitive elements in fingerprint identification: When higher-level cognition can facilitated or hinder fingerprint matching. International Biometric Society, British Region Annual Meeting. Royal Statistical Society, London, UK.
  • Dror, I.E. and Rosenthal, R. (2008). Meta-analytically quantifying the reliability and biasability of forensic experts. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(4), 900-903.
  • Dror, I.E. (2006). A holistic-cognitive approach for success in technology. Biometric Technology Today, 14(8), 7-8.
  • Dror, I. E. (2007). Evaluating scientific evidence for the courts. Evidence in the Courtroom: Possibilities and Challenges, Validity and Value. Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK. 
  • Dror, I. E. (2007).  Perception and bias in risk judgments. Metropolitan Police Seminar on Bringing Science to the Streets. London.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2006). The psychology of police performance and decision making. Police Professional, 58, 37-39.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2005). Psychology and fingerprint experts. European Forensic Science Meeting, Magdeburg, Germany
  • Dror, I. E., Charlton, D. (2005). New contributions of cognitive psychology to forensic science derive from a focus on the forensic expert perspective. 9th European Congress of Psychology. Granada, Spain.
  • Dror, I. E., Charlton, D. (2005). The vulnerability of fingerprint science and potential pitfalls in the identification process. How can they be addressed and overcome? Fingerprint Society Meeting. Brighton, UK.
  • Dror, I. E. (2004). The effects of screening, training, and experience of Air Force fighter pilots: The plasticity of the ability to extrapolate and track multiple objects in motion. North American Journal of Psychology, 6 (2), 239-252.
  • Ashman, O., Dror, I. E., Houlette, M., & Levy, B. (2003).  Preserved risk-taking skills in old age. North American Journal of Psychology, 5 (3), 397-407.
  • Smith, W., Dror, I. E., & Mander, H. (2003). The effect of training specificity on performance in novel and related tasks. XX BPS Annual Cognitive Conference.
  • Dror, I. E., Langer, E.J., Houlette, M., & Ashworth, R.S.( 2001). Training and tasks demands that restrict and enhance performance. Psychonomic Abstracts, 6, 85.
  • Baden, D., Dror, I. E., and Warwick-Evans, L.A. (2000). The dynamics within and between decisions. Psychonomic Abstracts, 4, 81.
  • Rafaely, V., Dror, I. E., and Remington, B. (2000). Working memory capacity in old age affects decision-making performance. British Psychological Cognitive Section Annual Conference. 
  • ​Almazrouei,, M., Morgan, M, &  Dror, I. E. (2020). “I’m Appreciated When I Find a Match”: Organisational Factors and Forensic Judgments.  The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences Conference. 6 November 2020.
  • Dror, I. E. & Burwell, K. (1999). The effects of prior knowledge on cognitive performance of older people. 6th European Congress of Psychology, 141.
  • Ashworth, A.R.S., & Dror, I. E. (2001). Object Identification as a Function of Discriminability and Learning Presentations: The Effect of Stimulus Similarity and Canonical Frame Alignment on Aircraft Identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6 (2), 148-157.
  • Ashworth, R. S., Dror, I. E., Snooks, S. F., Robbins, R.D., & Schreiner, C.S. (1997). Canonical and non-canonical presentations during training determine the specificity of the object representations. Psychonomic Abstracts, 2, 627. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Dror, I. E., Ashworth, R. S., Schreiner, C.S., Robbins, R.D., & Snooks, S. F. (1997). The primacy effect on identification: Initial presentations during training establish long lasting representations. Psychonomic Abstracts, 2, 628. Philadelphia, PA.
  • Schreiner, C. S., Smith, K. M., & Dror, I. E. (1997). Visual-spatial processing of objects presented from canonical and non-canonical viewpoints. Cognitive Neuroscience Society Meeting Abstracts, 25. Boston, MA.
  • Dror, I. E., Kosslyn, S. M., & Waag, W. (1993). Visual-spatial abilities of pilots. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (5), 763-773.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2007). Expert error in forensic identification decisions, Psychology and the Law   Symposium. British Psychological Annual Meeting. York, UK.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2006). The right for identity and for anonymity in mirror of biometric technologies. NATO Advanced Research Workshop. Jerusalem, Israel.
  • Dror, I. E., Charlton, D. (2006). Policing and forensics depend on cognition, psychology, and the human mind. Interpol Conference. Lyon, France.
  • Dror, I.E. (2005). Perception is far from perfection: The role of the brain and mind in constructing realities. Brain and Behavioural Sciences 28 (6), 763.
  • Dror, I.E. (2005). Technology and human expertise: Some do’s and don’ts. Biometric Technology Today, 13 (9), 7-9.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2005). Identification, technology, and human experts: Where might it go wrong? European Commission Conference on Biometric Identification. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2005). Psychological and cognitive elements involved in biometric identification. Biometrics 2005, London.
  • Dror, I.E.  (2005). Why should fingerprint experts care about psychology?  International Association for Identification. Vermont, USA
  • Dror, I.E., Charlton, D., & Peron A. (2006). Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications.    Forensic Science International, 156 (1), 74-78.
  • Rafaely, V., Dror, I. E., & Remington, R. E. (2006).  Information selectivity in decision making by young and older adults. International Journal of Psychology, 41 (2), 117-131.
  • Dror, I. E., Rafaely, V., & Busemyer, J. R. (1999). The dynamics of decision making as a function of recent outcomes and possible consequences. 6th European Congress of Psychology, 86.
  • Rafaely, V. & Dror, I. E. (1999). Avoidance payoff does not affect decision making by older adults. British Psychological Cognitive Section XVI Annual Conference.
  • Smith, W. & Dror, I. E. (1999). Configural Information Contributes More to Object Representation than Featural Information. British Psychological Cognitive Section XVI Annual Conference.
  • Rafaely, V., Dror, I. E., & Busemeyer, J. R. (1998). The susceptibility of young and old adults to positive and negative outcomes of recent decisions. Psychonomic Abstracts, 3, 41.
  • Dror, I.E., Peron, A., Hind, S., & Charlton, D. (2005). When emotions get the better of us: The effect of contextual top-down processing on matching fingerprints. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(6), 799-809.
  • Dror, I.E. (2004). Cognitive psychology and forensic decision making. Royal Statistical Society Meeting. London.
  • Dror, I. E., Charlton, D., &  Peron, A.E. (2004). Evaluating ‘scientific’ evidence for the court: What contributing factors are really involved in fingerprint identification. ICARIS. Sheffield, UK.
  • Dror, I. E., Peron, A.E., & Charlton, D. (2004). Psychological factors involved in fingerprint identification. Autumn Conference of the Forensic Science Society. Bedfordshire, UK.
  • Peron, A.E., Dror, I. E., Hind, S.L, & Charlton, D. (2004). Decision making processes involved in fingerprint identification: The influence of emotional context on finding a match. 14th International Forensic Science Symposium. Lyon, France.​